차곡 문형첩
문형 해설
A-(으)ㄴ가요?
Is it…? — a softened way of asking
A question about a state or a quality, gentler than -아요/어요? and leaving the other person room to answer. English has no single ending that does this, so the softening has to come from the phrasing: not “Is it expensive?” but “Would it be on the expensive side?” You are testing the water rather than demanding an answer. Common when checking conditions with someone you do not know well.
- Adjective stems ending in a vowel or ㄹ take -ㄴ가요?: 비싸다 → 비싼가요? / 길다 → 긴가요?
- Stems ending in a consonant take -은가요?: 좋다 → 좋은가요? / 많다 → 많은가요?
- 이다 and 아니다 become -인가요? and 아닌가요?; for honorifics insert -(으)시-: 바쁘시다 → 바쁘신가요?
※Verbs never take this form — they use -나요?: 가다 → 가나요? (✗ 간가요?). 있다 and 없다 pattern with verbs: 있나요?, 없나요?
N에 의하면
according to…
Names where a piece of information came from — the news, a forecast, a survey, a regulation, something someone said. The point is that you are passing it on rather than vouching for it, so the sentence normally ends in a reported form. Slightly more formal than -에 따르면, and common in reports and official documents.
- Attaches straight to a noun, with no vowel/consonant split: 뉴스에 의하면 / 통계 자료에 의하면
- The sentence usually closes in a reported form: 일기예보에 의하면 내일 비가 온다고 합니다
- When quoting a person, attach 말 rather than the person: 그 사람의 말에 의하면
※Ending flatly sounds wrong: 일기예보에 의하면 내일 비가 와요 (△) makes it sound as though you are guaranteeing the rain. Say 온다고 해요 to keep it someone else's claim.
N(으)로 보다
judging by…, from the standpoint of…
Sets out the basis for a judgement first — price, ability, time, circumstances — then delivers the verdict from that angle. In practice it almost never appears in its plain form; you meet it as -(으)로 볼 때, -(으)로 보면 or -(으)로 봐서. A staple of formal speech and written reports.
- Nouns ending in a vowel or ㄹ take 로, those ending in a consonant take 으로: 결과로 보면 / 실력으로 보면
- The usual shapes are -(으)로 볼 때, -(으)로 보면, -(으)로 봐서; written Korean also has -(으)로 보아
- What follows has to be a judgement or an assessment, not a plain statement of fact
※Note the division of labour with pattern two: -(으)로 보다 is you judging from that angle, -에 의하면 is you relaying what someone else said. 조사 결과로 볼 때 인상 폭이 큽니다 (your judgement) / 조사 결과에 의하면 인상 폭이 크다고 합니다 (what the survey says).
비즈니스 회화
추가 요구와 범위 조정 Extra requests and adjusting the scope——An insurance-finance system is halfway through development when Section Chief Seo, on the client side, asks to add pension and premium calculators. Assistant Manager Nam, on the vendor side, spells out what is feasible with the people and the contract they have, and what it would cost. They settle on building the pension feature first.（서 과장＝Section Chief Seo (client side) ／ 남 대리＝Assistant Manager Nam (vendor side)）