차곡 문형첩
문형 해설
N(이)나
or
Joins two nouns and marks a choice between them. Use 이나 after a final consonant and 나 without one. It’s lighter than the written 또는 and is the everyday “or”.
- noun without a final consonant + 나: 커피 → 커피나 차
- noun with a final consonant + 이나: 빵 → 빵이나 밥
- not for joining verbs or adjectives — use -거나: 쉬다 → 쉬거나 자다
※It attaches only to nouns; between verbs and adjectives you need -거나. Note also that (이)나 after a single noun turns into a resigned “or something”: 커피나 마실까? means “shall we just get a coffee then”, not “would you like coffee?”
V-고 있다
-ing, is doing
Marks an action in progress, and can also cover a practice or state kept up over a period. Add -고 있다 straight to the verb stem, with or without a final consonant. If the subject is someone senior, it becomes -고 계시다.
- verb stem + 고 있다, regardless of a final consonant: 먹다 → 먹고 있다 / 보다 → 보고 있다
- honorific: -고 계시다 — 부장님은 지금 통화하고 계십니다
- past progressive: -고 있었다 — 그때 저는 회의하고 있었습니다
※-고 있다 is an action in progress; -아/어 있다 is the state left behind once it finishes: 앉고 있다 is in the act of sitting down, 앉아 있다 is already seated. Adjectives can’t take this pattern (✗ 예쁘고 있다).
A-(으)ㄴ가/V-는가에 대한 논란이 있다[뜨겁다/일다]
there is debate over whether
Turns a whole “whether …” question into a noun and says there is public argument about it. It belongs to news, opinion writing and formal reports, and barely appears in speech. 논란이 있다 is neutral; 뜨겁다 says the argument is fierce; 일다 says it has just flared up.
- adjectives take -(으)ㄴ가: 바람직하다 → 바람직한가에 대한 논란이 있다
- verbs and 있다/없다 take -는가: 효과가 있다 → 효과가 있는가에 대한 논란이 일고 있다
- noun + 이다 takes -인가: 최선이다 → 최선인가에 대한 논란이 뜨겁다
※Pick the right question ending: -(으)ㄴ가 for adjectives, -는가 for verbs and 있다/없다. And 논란 means a public argument with the field divided; a disagreement between two people is 이견이 있다.
비즈니스 회화
결제 방식과 지연 이자 조건 Payment method and the late-interest clause——Moon, a manager at the supplier, calls Han in the client’s accounts team to confirm the payment method and when the tax invoice is issued. Han asks for the late-interest clause to be spelled out, and they agree a timetable for the revision and signing.(문 과장=Manager Moon (supplier) / 한 대리=Han (client, accounts))